Château Gaillard
1196–1198 · Crusader-era military architecture
Richard the Lionheart's 'saucy castle', thrown up in barely two years on the chalk cliffs above the Seine to lock Philip Augustus out of Normandy — state-of-the-art military engineering fresh from the Crusades. It fell anyway, in 1204, after an epic siege; the ruin above Les Andelys is one of France's great medieval silhouettes.
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